The beginning
of the world is not the result of “chaos” said Pope Francis at a recent forum
with the Pontifical Academy of Scientists, but comes directly from a supreme
principle that creates out of love. Hold
on to this theme of creation—the beginning of the world as we know it, is
not the result of “chaos” but comes directly from “a supreme principle” that
creates out of love.
“The Big Bang Theory and Evolution do not eliminate
the existence of God who remains the one Who set all creation into motion.”
“Life in its deepest essence remains something that
escapes us. I can know perfectly what a
cell is, ” said chemistry and physics scientist Vicuna, and how it works deep down,
what really is the dynamism that makes it move –that is life – the laws of
chemistry and physics do not suffice to grasp the whole of life – that life is
more than molecules.”
Life is more than atoms and molecules, but what is
that supreme principle, that Essence in life that creates out of love? As we dive through the deepest tunnel of
History of how human civilization developed through the prehistoric millennia,
from BCE or BC of unrecorded time to the modern present, AD, we come into a
great sense of astonishment that the world as we know it did not come out of
“chaos’’ When we read the account of creation in Genesis, we risk
thinking that God was a magician, complete with a magic wand,
able to do everything for us , but it is not like that, Pope Francis said, God created us into living beings so we can
develop according to the internal laws that give each one of us the power to
develop to our full potential. The following account on the beginnings of our
civilization can attest to that long journey, precarious in character similar to a.razor’s edge
interjected with magical power to rise in greatness in the arts and culture through grace by alternating periods of "dark age," and ''golden age" in the process of
human evolution. See that massive presence of an Assyrian king majestic in sculpted robes as a winged bull !! (above)
At the British museum when you go there to visit the ancient artifacts of civilization as we live it, you will encounter the ancient Assyrians warriors and kings in bas relief and you would be tempted to want to touch them or even hug them if the security would allow for they are so real, '"so much in this world but not of this world" and they are valued as the masterpieces of the British museum
As Spirit the one that creates is not governed by limitations such as Space,Time, the Sumerians disappeared when their purpose was done, following the Law of Quantum Physics, nothing is solid, everything is Energy, and appearance that takes form in a formless but spiraling universe connotes Purpose, movement denotes it. What's your purpose for coming into this incarnation, that's your search for meaning for existing, for knowing the laws of your being...deep inside, your heart knows, it's soul, spirit,
essence....deathless
When Arabs and Islam swept through the Middle East
in 630 A.D. , they encountered 600 years of Assyrian Ashurian-Christian
civilization with a rich heritage, a highly developed culture. And advanced learning and institutions. It is this civilization which became the
foundation of the Arab civilization. But
this great Assyrian Christian civilization would come to an end in 1300
AD. The tax which the Arabs levied on
Christians simply for just being Christians made the Assyrians to convert to
Islam to avoid the tax. This inexorably drained the community as by that time Tumerlane
the Mongol delivered the final blow in 1300 AD, violently destroying the Assyrian community
which had dwindled to its core in
Assyria (modern day Iraq), and henceforth the Assyrian Church of the East would
not regain its former glory.
The Beginnings of ASSYRIAN CIVILIZATION, EMPIRE
In 1932, Sir Mallowan the eminent British
archeologist, dug a deep sounding which reached virgin soil ninety feet below
the top of the mount of Nineveh in Iraq this gave a pottery sequence back to
prehistoric times. And showed that the
site was already inhabited by 5000 BCE (Before Common Era). Very soon after
that, the two other great Assyrian cities were settled, Ashur and Arbel, although the exact date have yet to be determined.
Arbel is the oldest extant city, and remains largely unexcavated, its
archeological treasure waiting to be discovered. Arbil is presumably present- day Erbil,
capital of Kurdistan in northern Iraq, which according to legend has never been
conquered by invading armies, foremost of them, is that of the conqueror Alexander
the Great. From time to time I’ll insert a comment: there is something about this city of Arbel now
Erbil in northern Iraq that is a deep mystery to historians.
If it has not been conquered in an invasion through the ups and downs of
warring, stormy Assyrian millennia, why?
What is this mysterious hidden power behind ancient Arbel? I would presume to attribute it to Spirit guarding it against all threats and overwhelming odds in its ageless past? It is now modern
day Erbil, capital of Kurdistan Iraq with fortification walls reminiscent of its warlike ageless past...If you like to open my page in FB you will see photos of modern-day Erbil inter-laced with promenades of sparkling water fountains. It
is clear that by 2500 BC these two cities Arbel and Ashur, were established and
were thriving metropolis. I see here the Timelessness of Spirit cloaking this fragile emerging material world dated BCE
.
This period
of history saw the development of the fundamentals of our civilization such as domestication,
agriculture, pottery, controllable fire, smelting, to name a few.
Between 4000 and 2400 BC complete societies appear
in the form of cities with craft specializations and writing. These features
were associated with the Sumerians, but they quickly spread to outer parts of
Mesopotamia.in the Middle East.
In Assyria, settlements had become large and guarded
by fortification walls which implies risks of attack from outside, and have the
need for defense and warfare.
GEOGRAPHY
Assyria is located in north Mesopotamia and spans four
countries –Turkey, Iraq, Syria, Iran. In
Syria, it extends west to the Euphrates river, in Turkey, it extends north of
Haram, Edesu, Diyarbakir and Lake Van.
In Iraq it extends east to Lake Urmi, and extends to Kirkuk rich in fossil oil, guarded by the Iraqi Kurds as it is in their terrain. This is the Assyrian heartland, from which so much of the ancient Near East
came to be controlled.
Two giant rivers run through Assyria, the Tigris and
the Euphrates and many lesser others. Strategically, surrounding the Tigris and
two Zabs are the Assyrian cities of Nineveh, Ashur, Arbel, Nimrod, and Arrapkha.
The Assyrian land is rich and fertile.
The Arbel plain and the Nineveh plain are areas of critical crop
producers. This is from where Assyria derived her strength so it could feed a
largepopulation of professionals and craftsmen which allowed it to expand and
advance the arts and culture of civilization.
.
ARTS ind CULTURE
The Sumerians were the first people known to have
devised a scheme of written representation as a means of communication. Pictures on clay tablets the Sumerians
gradually created cuneiform – a way of arranging impressions stamped on clay by
the wedge-like section chopped wedge to
stand for phonetic, and possibly for
syllabic elements that provided more flexible communication than the
pictogram. Through writing the Sumerians were able to pass on to
generations information and ideas.
Another Sumerian legacy was the recording of
literature –most famous Sumerian epic the one that has survived is the story of
Gilgamesh who actually was a king of a city-state of Uruk in approximately 2799 BC as a moving
story of the ruler’s deep sorrow of the death of his friend and of the
consequent search for immortality. Other
central themes of story are a devastating flood and the tenuous nature of man’s
existence. Laden with all complex abstractions and emotional expression, the
epic reflects the intellectual sophistication of the Sumerians, and it has
served as the prototype for all Near Eastern inundation of flood stories . I
wish to comment on Sumer: what is the mystery surrounding the Sumerians? Why
were they so well developed at a very, very early time, in terms of the Arts
like literature, the epic form? The Sumerians introduced writing, the beginning
of communcative arts, languages, conceptual ideas, the whys of existence,
philosophy, why so early?
Who were the Sumerians ? They must have descended from the higher
realms of divine Light and Love to serve as our teachers, guides…. Remember the
theme of creation we brought forth right at the opening of this historical and
cultural account -- the beginning of the world is not the result
of “chaos” but comes directly from the
supreme principle that creates out of love.
RELIGION and POLITICS
The precariousness of existence led to a highly
developed sense of religion. Cult
centers such as Eridu dating back to 5999 BC served as important centers
of pilgrimage and devotion
even before the rise of Sumer.
Many of the most important Mesopotamian cities emerged in areas
surrounding the pre-Sumerian relationship between religion and government
The Sumerians were pantheistic, their gods were
personified local elements and natural forces. In exchange for sacrifice and
adherence to a set of elaborate rituals one
is provided security and prosperity. A powerful
priesthood emerged to oversee ritual practices and to intervene with the gods. Sumerian religious beliefs also had important political aspects.
Decisions relating to land, rentals, agricultural
questions, trade, and.commercial relatons were determined by the priests that
ruled from their temples called ziggurats which were essentially artificial mountains
of sun-baked brick, built with outside staircases that tapered toward a shrive
at the top.
Sumer also pioneered
in warfare technology by the
middle of 3rd millennium BC.
They had developed the wheeled chariot.
Approximately in the middle of 3rd millennium they discovered
that tin and copper when smelted together produced bronze – a new, more durable
and much harder metal. The wheeled
chariot and bronze weapons became increasingly important as the Sumerians
developed the institution of kingship and as individual city-states began to
rise for supremacy.
THE CODE OF HAMMURABI -
Historians generally divide Sumerian-Assyrian
history in three stages at roughly between 3360 BC up to 430 BC. Sumer was conquered in approximately 2334 BC
by Sargon I king of the Semitic city of Akkad.
Sargon I was the world’s first empire-builder, an Assyrian, sending his
troops as far as Egypt and Ethiopia.
Sargon I attempted to establish a unified empire and to end hostilities
among the city-states. Sargon’s rule
introduced a new level of political organization characterized by an even more
clear-cut separation between religious authority and civil authority.
To ensure his
supremacy, Sargon created the first conscripted army, a development related to the need to mobilize large numbers
of Akkadian strength. This was boosted by the invention of the composite box, a
new weapon made of wood and iron. The
Akkadian hegemony lasted only 200 years, a new Sumer-Akkadian culturtal legacy
was carried on by the Amorites which established cities on the Tigris and
Eurphrates rivers and made Babylon a town in the north, their capital.
During the time of its 6th ruling king,
Hammurabi devised an elaborate set of statutes with the essence of a law code
designed “to cause justice to prevail in the country, to destroy the wicked and
the evil, so that the strong may not oppress the weak.” The Code of Hammurabi
is not the earliest to appear in Near East but certainly the most complete that
dealt with land tenure, rent, the position of women, marriage, divorce,
inheritance, contracts, control of public order, administration of justice,
wages and labor conditions.
In Hammurabi’s legal code, the civilizing trend of
the world begun manifesting a highly advanced civilization in which social
intervention extended far beyond the confines of kingship. The Babylonians made more important
contributions, notably in the science of astronomy. And they increased the flexibility if the
cuneiform by syllable rather than an individual word. Beginning in approximately 600 BC., one of
the cities that flourished in the Tigris Valley was that of Ashur, named after
the sun-god of the Assyrians.
The Assyrians were Semitic speakers who occupied
Babylon for a brief period in the 13th century BC. Invasions of
iron-producing people into the Near East and into the Aegean (Greece) sea
region in approximately 1200 BC disrupted the unspeakable cruelty of the
Assyrians. The names of such Assyrian kings as Ashurnasipal (883-859 BC) ,
Tiglash Puleser III (745-681 BC) Ashurbumipal (669-526 BC) continue to evoke
images of powerful, militarily brilliant, but brutally savage conquerors.
In 612 BC, the revolts of subject people combined
with the allied forces of two new kingdoms, the Medes and Chaldeans (Neo-Babylonians)
effectively fought to extinguish Assyrian power rule in Nineveh near Mosul (in
Iraq), and Nineveh was razed. The hatred
that the Assyrians inspired, particularly for their policy of wholesome
resettlements of subject peoples was sufficiently great to ensure that few traces of Assyrian civilization remained
two years later.
The Assyrians
have used visual arts to depict their many conquests, in Assyrian friezes,
executed in minute detail continues to be the best artifacts of Assyrian
civilization.
Conscious of their ancient past, the Chaldeans
sought to re-establish Babylon as the
most magnificent city in Near East (now known as Middle East) It was during the
Chaldean period that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon famed as one of the Seven
Wonders of the Ancient World were created. Babylonian monarchy was however,
severely weakened, and it was unable to withstand the rising power of Achamenid
in Iran. In 539 BC Cyrus the Great released the Jews who had been held in
captivity there. Why does Iran feature
at this point in Assyrian History? Let’s start again for the sake of taking up
geographical data in relation to the expanding Cradle of Civilization.
SOURCE: Brief History of Assyria by Peter BerBcsog (revised Nov 1, 2013) Wikipedia